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Triggers of Potential Exceptional Human Experiences
Rhea A. White Several writers have compiled lists of "triggers," or circumstances predisposing people to have exceptional human experiences.The following list is compiled with the use of a number of sources that are cited in the list itself. I am especially indebted to Greeley (1978), Grof & Grof (1989), Hardy (1979), Keutzer (1978), Laski (1961), and Quarrick (1989).Space does not permit listing all the bibliographic information for the references cited, but if anyone is interested in following up on some, please contact the EHE Network.
Some of the experiences listed are specific types of other experiences listed, e.g., precognitions as a form of extrasensory perception.In such cases both were listed if they were cited because people may think to look under one but not the other. The list also reveals several experiences one would ordinarily seek to avoid: Danger, Death of another, Illness, Loss, Psychotic states, Rejection. These are all examples of "spiritual emergencies" (Grof & Grof, 1989). As the Grofs point out, any experience that spontaneously interrupts the tenor of one’s life can trigger an EHE immediately or eventually. Often it takes a jolt, such as a rejection or loss, to open us, or sometimes, as in the title of the autobiography of C.S. Lewis, to being "Surprised by Joy." It is readily apparent that although some of the activities are religious and some are artistic/esthetic, a rather large number have to do with movement, play, and sports. I don’t think this is because this is simply because it is a special interest of mine (see Murphy & White, 1995). Religionist David L. Miller (1970, p. 138) has observed:
Play may be the root metaphor of an emergent mythology. ...We may be witnessing a mythological revolution, turning toward a new frontier in which leisure, meditation, and contemplation are potentially dominant. Instead of work being our model for both work and play, play may be the model for both our games of leisure and our games of vocation. Play may be the mythology of the new frontier. An examination of the List of Potential EEs/EHEs also contains a great many "secular" or nonreligious types of exceptional or transcendent experiences. It appears that exceptional or transcendent experiences, many of which were once associated with religion, are being experienced by more people in the midst of daily life. This may be not so much because these experiences are becoming secularized, but because the sacred is being found in the midst of daily life. Thus, the "new frontier" may be our own lives, wherever and however they are lived. We may be in the beginning of the process of resacralizing the world, so that there will be no need for the term secular. List of Predisposing Circumstances and Triggers This list was initially based on the cited sources plus White’s recollections of triggers mentioned in the many accounts she had read plus those she knew from her own experiences. The list has been enlarged here by new triggers added by Brown and White prior to their study of 50 accounts plus the addition of new triggers that turned up in reading those accounts. A preliminary report of that research will eventually appear on this site in the EHE Research section. Abuse Activity shared with another Activity shared with group Aesthetic experience (Quarrick, 1989) Agony Agoral gatherings (Biela & Tobacyk, 1987) Alcohol Alienation/ anomie, general feelings of Anesthesia (James, 1902) Animals Archery (Herrigel, 1953) Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) Auto and other types of racing (Manso, 1969; Moss with Purdy, 1963) Automatisms Baptism Bathing Baths, extreme temperature/ sequence of hot and cold Bedside gathering around sickbed Bedtime, not asleep/preparation for Begging/fervent questioning for answer/help from higher power/god(dess)/universe Being alone in church, cathedral, mosque, temple Bible or other religious texts Biofeedback (Brown, 1974; Green & Green, 1977) Breathing exercises (Grof, 1988; Rossi, 1990) Burnout Change in health considerations Change in job/business Change in lifestyle Change of finances Change of home/ physical location/ geography Change of marriage/ partner/ family Chanting, drumming, and other rhythmic activities (Meerloo, 1960;Segell, 1988) Charismatic personality, encounter with Childbirth (Hardy, 1979; Vaughan, 1979) Chorale singing (Funk, 1985) Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) Church, cathedral, mosque, temple, being inside a Church service Coma Conflict at personal crossroads (on the horns of a dilemma), inner Conscious dying Conviction that one is dying (Stevenson, Cook, & McClean- Rice) Crafts (Richards, 1962) Creative activities (Ghiselin, 1952; Quarrick, 1989) Crises in personal relationships (Hardy, 1979) Crying/pleading for help from another Dancing (Brown, 1927/1968; Greenstein, 1990; Hazzard-Gordon, 1991; Meerloo, 1960; Owen, 1983) Danger, inviting Danger, risk-taking Danger, sense of immediate Death of another Déjà vu (Neppe, 1983) Depression, despair (Hardy, 1979; James, 1902) Development of mediumship or channeling (Hastings, 1991; Klimo, 1987) Disaster Distress, financial/ poverty Dowsing Dreaming Driving a vehicle Empathy Encounter groups (Burton, 1969) Endurance feats such as singlehanded sailing for many weeks (Noyce, 1958; Willis , 1955) Engaging in any repetitious boring chore Estranged from another Exceptional human performance Experiencing a series of meaningful coincidences promoting belief in the interconnectedness of everything (Jung 1952/1955; Vaughan, 1980) Exploration, ideas Exploration, tools/methods Exploration, travel/places (Noyce, 1958) Extrasensory perception (Greeley, 1975; Ryback with Schweitzer, 1988) Fasting (Arbesmann, 1949-51; Johnson, 1978) Fatigue Fear/concern for another/ children Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) Films, watching Flow activities (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975) Flying (Lindbergh, 1953; Mishima, 1970) Frustration/futility, general feeling of Gardening Guided imagery and/or music Guru/Spiritual teacher encounter Healing Historical monument (e.g. Gettysburg) Holotropic breathwork/breathing Human interaction (Johnson, 1986; Quarrick, 1989) Hypnagogic or hypnapompic experiences (Mavromatis, 1987) Illness/Health (Dafter, 1990; Duff, 1993; Kunz, 1985) Impasse Incubus experience (Hufford, 1982) Induction/revelation technique Insight of finally "seeing" the long-sought key to a problem/experience (Quarrick, 1989) Intense sadness (James, 1902) Intimate relationships (Leckey, 1985) Jewelry-making (Mozur, 1990) Life-threatening situation Liminal situation Listening to or observing highly integrated individuals (Greenland, 1966) Listening to sermon or other stirring speech Literature (Huttar, 1971; Mordell, 1921) Loss (Grof & Grof, 1989) Lucid dreams (Garfield, 1974; Gebremedhin, 1990) Mantram, reciting Martial arts (Heckler, 1985; Leonard, 1975) Meditation and prayer (Heard, 1954; Underhill, 1930) Mid-life crisis Mirror writing Moments of quiet reflection Moon, phases of Mountain climbing (Smythe, 1949)
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Multiple personality (Litton, 1990; Richards, 1990)
Music (Crandall, 1986; Hamel, 1979; Quarrick, 1989)
Near-fatal circumstances (Flynn, 1986; Ring, 1984; Ring, 1992)
Observing animals (Lilly, 1967; Lorenz , 1952; MacDonald, 1965)
Observing children (Owen, 1983)
Ocean cruising (Csikszentimihalyi & Csikszentimihalyi, 1988)
Out-of-body experiences (Gabbard & Twemlow, 1984) Outward Bound events (Godfrey, 1979; Miner & Boldt, 1981) Performing/witnessing noble acts Personal need for "more" in life Physical activities (Leonard, 1975; Metheny, 1968) Physical diagnosis Play (Neale, 1967; Quarrick, 1989) Poetry (Owen, 1983) Politics (Weber, in Gerth & Mills, Eds., 1946) Prayer group Precognitive experiences (Ryback with Schweitzer, 1988; Vaughan, 1973) Professional presentation, preparing/performing Prospect of death (e.g., deathbed experiences; see Osis & Haraldsson) Psychedelic drugs (Grof, 1988; Huxley, 1954; Masters & Houston, 1966; Watts, 1963) Psychotic states Psychotherapy (Gottesfeld, 1985; Schoen, 1991) Reading about transcendent experiences and other EHEs, especially first-hand accounts Recovering from an ended relationship Rejection (Grof & Grof, 1989) Relaxationafter a period of exercise Relaxation technique Religious icon Religious/spiritual matters discussed Remarkable coincidence of events Retrocognitive experiences (Ellwood, 1971) Riding in vehicle Risktaking (Boga, 1988) Ritual cleansing Running (Sheehan, 1978; Spino, 1968; Stevens, 1988)) Sacred places (Jarow, 1986; Swan, 1991) Scents (Owens, 1983) Schizophrenia Science (Hargreaves, 1990; Hayward, 1984; Weber, in Gerth & Mills, Eds., 1946, p., 135) Self-hypnosis (Maltz, 1960) Sensitivity training (Golembiewski & Blumberg , 1970) Sensory enhancement (Otto & Mann, 1968/1971] Sensory isolation tank (Hood & Morris, 1981; Lilly, 1977) Sexual lovemaking (Quarrick, 1989) Shamanism (Goldwort, 1992; Kalweit, 1984/1988; Walsh, 1990; Wright, 1989) Sharing experience with another Silence(Greene, 1940; Shafii, 1973) Sleeping Slow-motional meditation (Howard, 1987) Soaring (Wolters, 1971) Solitary ordeals (Csikszentmilayi & Csikszentmihalyi, 1988) Solitude (Borgeault, 1989; Rosegrant, 1976) Spiritual emergency (Grof & Grof, 1989) Sport of any kind (Bates, 1982; Leonard, 1975; Millman, 1985; Murphy & White, 1995; Neal, 1972) State celebrations, such as coronations, inaugurations, etc. (Bellah & Hammond, 1980; Gehrig, 1979; Hammond, 1976) Stillness Surgery Surrender (Wolff, 1964) Survival-of-death type experiences (Gallup with Proctor, 1982; Greeley, 1976; Grof & Grof, 1980; Grosso, 1985) Swordsmanship (Herrigel, 1953) Television watching Tending others Trauma (Grof & Grof , 1989) UFO encounter (Strieber, 1988; Thompson, 1989) Vertigo (Gell, 1980) Victims, sudden awareness of other abused (human, animal, environment) Visual art (Quarrick, 1989) Watching performing arts (Duncan, 1928, Owen, 1983, Quarrick, 1989) Watching sports Wilderness (Krutch, 1952/1960; Muir, 1945; Porter, 1962/1974; Wheelwright& Schmidt, 1991) Wind (Owens, 1983) Work (Ennis, 1967; Weber, 1920-21/1956) Workshop/retreat, psychic/spiritual development Workshop/retreat, self- development Yoga References Arbesmann, Rudolph. 1949-50. Fasting and prophecy in pagan and Christian antiquity. Traditio, 7 , 1-71
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Owen, Claire Myers. 1983. Small Ecstasies.San Diego, CA: ACS Publications.
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